Nguyên tắc ưu tiên (Priority rules) trong điều độ sản xuất là gì?
Nguyên tắc ưu tiên (tiếng Anh: Priority rules) trong điều độ sản xuất là những nguyên tắc được đưa ra nhằm tiết kiệm thời gian trong quá trình ra quyết định.
1. Định nghĩa Nguyên tắc ưu tiên (Priority rules) trong điều độ sản xuất
Nguyên tắc ưu tiên trong tiếng Anh là Priority rules.
Nguyên tắc ưu tiên trong điều độ sản xuất là những nguyên tắc được đưa ra nhằm tiết kiệm thời gian trong quá trình ra quyết định.
2. Sự cần thiết của nguyên tắc ưu tiên trong điều độ sản xuất
– Trong thực tế, một nơi làm việc hoặc một máy móc thiết bị hoặc một tổ sản xuất có thể được giao thực hiện nhiều công việc khác nhau.
– Việc sắp xếp công việc nào trước, công việc nào sau có ảnh hưởng rất lớn đến khả năng hoàn thành đúng hạn và tận dụng các nguồn lực của doanh nghiệp. Vì vậy, tìm ra một phương án bố trí tốt nhất là rất cần thiết. Tuy nhiên, có rất nhiều phương án sắp xếp khác nhau.
– Nếu có n công việc thì số phương án sắp xếp là n!; n càng lớn thì số phương án càng nhiều, do đó rất khó có khả năng xác định tất cả mọi phương án sắp xếp thứ tự công việc. Hơn nữa, mỗi phương án lại có những chỉ tiêu trội khác nhau và không có một phương án nào mà tất cả các chỉ tiêu đều tốt hơn các phương án khác.
– Để tiết kiệm thời gian trong quá trình ra quyết định người ta đưa ra những nguyên tắc ưu tiên. Những nguyên tắc ưu tiên này cho những kết quả khả quan và được thực tế chấp nhận, sử dụng khá phổ biến.
– Trong trường hợp cụ thể, doanh nghiệp sẽ quyết định lựa chọn áp dụng một nguyên tắc ưu tiên thích hợp. Thông thường, doanh nghiệp tiến hành sắp xếp theo các nguyên tắc ưu tiên và so sánh giữa các phương án đó để lựa chọn phương án hợp lí, có nhiều chỉ tiêu trội hơn.
3. Một số nguyên tắc ưu tiên thường dùng
– Đến trước làm trước (FCFS – First Come First Served);
– Bố trí theo thời hạn hoàn thành sớm nhất (EDD – Earliest Due Date);
– Công việc có thời gian thực hiện ngắn nhất làm trước (SPT – Shortest Processing Time);
– Công việc có thời gian thực hiện dài nhất làm trước (LPT – Longest Processing Time).
Để áp dụng nguyên tắc ưu tiên, cần xác định truớc độ dài thời gian cần thiết để hoàn thành và thời hạn phải hoàn thành của từng công việc. Việc so sánh đánh giá các phương án sắp xếp theo các nguyên tắc ưu tiên đuợc thực hiện dựa trên cơ sở xác định các chỉ tiêu chủ yếu sau:
+ Dòng thời gian: Khoảng thời gian từ khi công việc đưa vào phân xuởng đến khi hoàn thành
+ Dòng thời gian lớn nhất: Tổng thời gian cần thiết để hoàn thành tất cả các công việc
+ Dòng thời gian trung bình: Trung bình các dòng thời gian của mỗi công việc
+ Số công việc trung bình = Tổng dòng thời gian/Tổng thời gian gia công
+ Thời gian hoàn thành trung bình = Tổng dòng thời gian/Số công việc
+ Thời gian chậm trễ trung bình = Tổng thời gian chậm/Tổng thời gian gia công
+ Hiệu quả thực hiện công việc = Tổng thời gian thực hiện các công việc/Tổng dòng thời gian
Người ta có thể so sánh kết quả giữa các nguyên lí ưu tiên trên để chọn phương án quyết định phân giao thứ tự các công việc phù hợp với những mục tiêu đã đặt ra.
(Tài liệu tham khảo: Giáo trình Quản trị tác nghiệp, NXB Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân) Nguồn: vietnambiz.vn
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