Ngành xuất khẩu dệt may có giữ vững ngôi vị thứ 2?
Năm 2021, Việt Nam vượt Băngladesh vươn lên vị trí thứ hai về xuất khẩu dệt may, tuy nhiên với sự bứt phá trong chính sách hỗ trợ của các quốc gia cạnh tranh và những bất lợi nội sinh của ngành, dệt may Việt Nam được nhận định sẽ khá khó khăn trong việc giữ vững vị trí này.
1. Áp lực cạnh tranh lớn
Theo công bố của Tổ chức thương mại thế giới vào tháng 8/2021, Việt Nam đã vượt Bangladesh trở thành nhà xuất khẩu hàng may mặc lớn thứ hai thế giới. Tuy nhiên theo ông Lê Tiến Trường- Chủ tịch HĐQT Tập đoàn Dệt may Việt Nam, Phó Chủ tịch Hiệp hội Dệt may Việt Nam, cần phải hiểu bản chất của vấn đề này.
Năm 2021, trong 39 tỷ USD kim ngạch xuất khẩu của dệt may Việt Nam bao gồm cả xơ sợi, hàng may mặc và vải. Trong đó, xuất khẩu sợi đạt 5,5 tỷ USD, tăng trưởng tới năm 55% so với năm trước. Nếu trừ cả 2,7 tỷ USD kim ngạch xuất khẩu vải, năm 2021 mặt hàng may mặc xuất khẩu của Việt Nam chỉ còn 30,8 tỷ USD. “Với con số này, vị trí thứ hai về xuất khẩu hàng dệt may trong năm 2022 của Việt Nam rất mong manh, bởi tốc độ tăng trưởng và phục hồi sau dịch Covid-19 của Bangladesh là rất đáng quan tâm”, ông Trường nói.
Hơn nữa, nhìn vào con số tăng trưởng xuất khẩu của dệt may Việt Nam và Bangladesh có thể dễ dàng nhận thấy, Việt Nam đứng vào vị trí thứ 2 bởi tốc độ suy giảm chậm hơn của đối thủ cạnh tranh (Việt Nam từ 5,3% giảm xuống 5,1%; Bangladesh giảm từ 5,7% xuống 5%) chứ không phải do tăng trưởng mạnh hơn.
Trong khi đó, năm 2022 và những năm tiếp theo bối cảnh thị trường có nhiều thay đổi, đặc biệt chính sách hỗ trợ ngành dệt may hứa hẹn sự phát triển mạnh mẽ của các đối thủ cạnh tranh. Theo đó, trong 5 năm tới, dệt may Trung Quốc đi vào khoa học cơ bản, tự chủ 75% trang thiết bị và không ưu tiên phát triển theo chiều rộng. Đến năm 2025, 55% sản lượng sản xuất xơ hoá học, bao gồm xơ tái chế trên thị trường thế giới là do Trung Quốc sản xuất; giảm lượng sản xuất hàng may mặc từ 40% xuống còn 35%; không giữ vững 39% thị phần như hiện nay mà giảm xuống còn khoảng 30% nhưng là thị phần của sản phẩm xanh, sản phẩm có giá trị gia tăng cao.
Với Bangladesh, tuy dân số và diện tích nhỏ hơn Việt Nam nhưng năng lực sản xuất đáng nể. Quốc gia này hiện sản xuất được 6 triệu tấn sợi, chiếm 11% tổng lượng sợi toàn cầu, 3 tỷ mét vải, chiếm 6% sản lượng thế giới. Điểm đặc biệt, năm 2021, 9 trong 10 nhà máy may mặc đạt các tiêu chí xanh cao hàng đầu thế giới được Hội đồng Xây dựng Xanh Mỹ cấp chứng nhận nằm ở Bangladesh. Quốc gia này tranh thủ trong thời gian thị trường dệt may phát triển tương đối thuận lợi để đi tắt một bước, từ sản xuất lạc hậu lên sản xuất xanh đạt tiêu chuẩn cao và đẩy ngành may, sợi đi theo hướng hiện đại bậc nhất.
Ấn Độ, ngành dệt may chiếm 12% tổng kim ngạch xuất khẩu của quốc gia này. Ấn Độ định hướng tự chủ nguyên phụ liệu bằng cách đầu tư công viên dệt may lớn với diện tích khoảng 400ha/công viên, hiện đã có 80 công viên. Mục tiêu phát triển của Ấn Độ đến năm 2025, xuất khẩu dệt may tăng từ 35 tỷ USD lên 80 tỷ USD.
2. Cần một chiến lược phát triển phù hợp
Với chính sách phát triển rất thuận lợi, ông Lê Tiến Trường nhận định, sự thay đổi của ngành dệt may các quốc gia cạnh tranh trong những năm tới là rất lớn và là thay đổi về chất, rất khó dùng cải thiện năng suất để theo được. “Dệt may Việt Nam cần xem xét lại định hướng phát triển, nếu tiếp tục phương án an toàn trong ngắn hạn có khả năng không an toàn trong dài hạn”, ông Trường nói.
Với những thách thức có thể nhìn nhận thấy của dệt may Việt Nam cả trong ngắn và dài hạn, ông Lê Tiến Trường cho rằng, trong mục tiêu tái cấu trúc nền kinh tế, nên lấy toàn dụng lao động quốc gia là giải pháp tổng thể. Lao động là nguồn tài nguyên không để dành được, chỉ sau năm 2035 tỷ lệ già hoá rất nhanh. Mỗi năm Việt Nam sẽ có thêm 1 triệu người ra khỏi độ tuổi lao động.
Muốn cải thiện GDP đầu người, thời gian tới, có thể phải rút từ 8-10 triệu lao động ra khỏi khu vực nông nghiệp. Dệt may đang là ngành tạo ra thặng dư dương cho tăng trưởng GDP, có thu nhập bình quân đầu người tốt, rất mong muốn được sử dụng nguồn lao động này.
Mặt khác, để ngành phát triển các doanh nghiệp ngành may không thể quá phân tán, cần có quy mô từ 3.000-5.000 lao động/đơn vị để đạt hiệu quả trong chuyển đổi số, ứng dụng công nghệ thông tin vào sản xuất. Cùng đó, cần bù đắp thiếu hụt nguồn cán bộ quản lý doanh nghiệp trình độ cao. “Nếu cứ đầu tư theo chiều rộng, cán bộ quản lý thiếu hụt đó là giới hạn lớn và chúng ta vướng câu chuyện không tự động hoá, không chuyển đổi số và không đáp ứng được quy mô lớn đơn hàng”, lãnh đạo Tập đoàn Dệt may Việt Nam phân tích.
Được biết, để có được vị trí tốt hơn trong chuỗi cung ứng, tránh tình trạng đứt gẫy nguồn cung, đứt gẫy sản xuất như đã từng xảy ra, Tập đoàn Dệt may Việt Nam đang xây dựng chuỗi cung ứng nội bộ. Mục tiêu đến năm 2025, trở thành điểm mua hàng trọn gói và tập trung cho sản xuất xanh, sản phẩm xanh. Trước mắt, tập trung hình thành năng lực cung ứng đủ lớn cho ngành dệt kim. Công ty TNHH MTV Dệt kim Đông Xuân và Công ty TNHH MTV Dệt kim Đông Phương đã được đầu tư nâng cao năng suất, sẽ được đầu tư hoàn chỉnh đi theo hệ thống kéo sợi để hoàn thành chuỗi khép kín. Tập đoàn cũng quy hoạch thêm 1-2 trung tâm dệt kim tại khu vực miền Trung với quy mô từ 25-30ha/trung tâm, có hệ thống xử lý nước thải đồng bộ.
Để hỗ trợ cho doanh nghiệp dệt may thực hiện định hướng phát triển, Bộ Công Thương sẽ triển khai Chiến lược phát triển ngành công nghiệp dệt may và da giày đến năm 2030, định hướng đến năm 2035; xây dựng Chương trình phát triển bền vững ngành dệt may, da giày giai đoạn từ năm 2021 đến năm 2030 nhằm tháo gỡ “điểm nghẽn” về nguyên phụ liệu. Hỗ trợ đào tạo nguồn nhân lực, ứng dụng công nghệ 4.0 trong thiết kế, sản xuất; xanh hóa ngành công nghiệp dệt may nhằm nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh; phát triển dệt nhuộm trong nước, bảo đảm nhu cầu vải cho ngành.
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As for the strength of Ziwu Villa, Yanti is the strongest.The corners of his mouth twitched wildly. Because even though time and space were disrupted just now, everyone still saw the fifth elder being slashed by the divine light of his giant sword.
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It is a mini hell demon bird, which is the soul of the hell demon bird.However, the stone gate is tightly closed at the moment, and the entire short mountain is also covered by a formation.
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Regarding elixirs, Luo Chen himself was a senior alchemist, and there were also great alchemists and even alchemists in Ziwu Villa.The blood all over their bodies seemed to be leaving their bodies and boiled instantly.
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