Mô hình ngôn ngữ lớn (LLM) như GPT-5 của OpenAI đang dẫn đầu cuộc cách mạng AI, nhưng AI tiêu thụ điện năng ở mức khổng lồ, gây ra lo ngại về tác động môi trường. Dựa trên nghiên cứu từ Phòng thí nghiệm AI tại Đại học Rhode Island (The Guardian), bài viết này phân tích mức tiêu thụ năng lượng của AI, so sánh với các mô hình AI phổ biến khác, và các giải pháp để giảm thiểu tác động của AI đến môi trường và năng lượng.
I. GPT-5: Nhu Cầu Năng Lượng Khổng Lồ
Mô hình GPT-5 của OpenAI tiêu thụ năng lượng đáng kinh ngạc, phản ánh sự đánh đổi giữa hiệu suất AI và AI tiêu thụ điện năng. Theo nghiên cứu từ Phòng thí nghiệm AI tại Đại học Rhode Island, được The Guardian công bố ngày 9/8/2025 cho thấy:
GPT-5 tiêu thụ trung bình 18,35 Wh cho mỗi 1.000 token truy vấn thông thường, và lên đến 40 Wh cho các truy vấn dài hoặc chế độ suy luận đặc biệt.
So với GPT-4 (2,12 Wh/1.000 token), GPT-5 tiêu tốn năng lượng gấp 8,6 lần, làm nổi bật thách thức về năng lượng trong lĩnh vực AI (The Guardian, windowscentral.com).
Theo The Verge (21/7/2025), ChatGPT xử lý khoảng 2,5 tỷ truy vấn mỗi ngày. Nếu tất cả sử dụng GPT-5, tổng mức AI tiêu thụ điện năng ước tính:
Nhu cầu điện của 1,5 triệu hộ gia đình Mỹ trong một ngày.
Sản lượng của 2–3 lò phản ứng hạt nhân hoạt động liên tục.
Con số này cho thấy GPT-5 không chỉ là một bước nhảy vọt về hiệu suất AI mà còn là một thách thức lớn về năng lượng, đặc biệt khi các trung tâm dữ liệu AI dự kiến chiếm 8–10% tổng điện năng toàn cầu vào năm 2030 (webpronews.com).
II. Tổng Quan Bức Tranh Tiêu Thụ Điện Năng Của Các Mô Hình AI
Để minh họa mức độ tiêu thụ năng lượng của AI, bảng dưới đây so sánh GPT-5 với các mô hình LLM phổ biến khác, dựa trên dữ liệu từ các nguồn đáng tin cậy:
Mô hình
Năng lượng mỗi truy vấn (Wh)
Tỷ lệ so với GPT-4
Nguồn
GPT-5 (OpenAI)
18,35 (1.000 token)
8,6x
The Guardian (08/2025)
GPT-4 (OpenAI)
2,12 (1.000 token)
1x
The Guardian (08/2025)
GPT-3 (OpenAI)
3,0
1,42x
Marmelab (Zaninotto, 03/2025)
Llama-3-70B (Meta)
1,7
0,8x
Marmelab (Zaninotto, 03/2025)
BERT (Google)
0,65
0,31x
Đại học Rhode Island (The Guardian)
Ghi chú:
Số liệu GPT-5 và GPT-4 dựa trên giả định sử dụng phần cứng Nvidia DGX H100/H200 (The Guardian).
Llama-3-70B (70 tỷ tham số) tiêu thụ 1,7 Wh/truy vấn, thấp hơn GPT-3 nhưng cao hơn GPT-4 do kích thước mô hình nhỏ hơn và tối ưu hóa (AI Energy Score Benchmark).
Ngoài ra việc đào tạo các mô hình AI cũng tiêu tốn năng lượng khổng lồ—không chỉ là câu chuyện kỹ thuật, mà còn là vấn đề môi trường nghiêm trọng. Ví dụ: Theo giáo sư Mosharaf Chowdhury (University of Michigan): đào tạo GPT‑3 tiêu tốn ~1.287 MWh (megawatt-giờ), tương đương năng lượng để một hộ gia đình Mỹ dùng… 120 năm. Đồng thời thải hơn 550 tấn CO₂e, và cần hơn 700.000 lít nước để làm mát – gần bằng thể tích 2/3 hồ bơi Olympic! ) – Nguồn: Marmelab (Zaninotto, 03/2025).
Đồng thời, Google cũng ước tính 40% năng lượng AI tiêu thụ là dùng cho đào tạo, 60% cho suy luận (inference) – Nguồn: Marmelab (Zaninotto, 03/2025).
Theo nghiên cứu của tổ chức phi lợi nhuận có trụ sở tại Lausanne, Thụy Sĩ, Foundations & Frontiers (11/7/2024), nhu cầu điện của các trung tâm dữ liệu toàn cầu dành cho AI sẽ gấp đôi vào năm 2026, tương đương lượng điện tiêu thụ của Nhật Bản, và dự kiến tăng 160% vào năm 2030. (Goldman Sachs). Và theo ước tính của Reuters công bố thì nếu xu hướng tiếp tục, năng lượng dùng cho các trung tâm AI có thể tăng thêm 370 TWh toàn cầu vào năm 2033.
III. Tiến Bộ Về Hiệu Quả Năng Lượng: Giảm Tác Động Của AI Tiêu Thụ Điện Năng
Các tiến bộ trong phần mềm và phần cứng đang giúp giảm đáng kể AI tiêu thụ điện năng, đồng thời giảm lượng khí thải CO2 và chi phí vận hành:
1. Phần Mềm: Tối Ưu Hóa Mô Hình AI
Các kỹ thuật phần mềm tiên tiến cho phép tạo ra các mô hình AI nhỏ hơn, hiệu quả hơn, nhưng vẫn đạt hiệu suất tương đương hoặc vượt trội so với các mô hình lớn hơn, tiêu tốn ít năng lượng hơn. Các phương pháp chính bao gồm:
Chưng cất kiến thức: Chuyển kiến thức từ mô hình lớn sang mô hình nhỏ hơn, giảm số lượng tham số mà vẫn giữ hiệu suất cao. Ví dụ, Llama-3-70B (70 tỷ tham số) của Meta vượt trội GPT-4-Turbo (ước tính 1,8 nghìn tỷ tham số) trong các bài kiểm tra hiệu suất như LLMArena, nhưng tiêu thụ chỉ 1,7 Wh/truy vấn so với 2,12 Wh/truy vấn của GPT-4 theo Marmelab (Zaninotto, 03/2025)
Cắt tỉa mô hình: Loại bỏ các phần không cần thiết của mô hình, giảm số lượng phép tính. Theo Nature (2024), cắt tỉa có thể giảm 30–50% năng lượng tiêu thụ trong giai đoạn suy luận mà không làm giảm đáng kể chất lượng đầu ra.
Lượng tử hóa: Giảm độ chính xác của các tham số (ví dụ, từ 32-bit xuống 8-bit), giúp giảm 20–40% năng lượng cần thiết cho suy luận (McKinsey, 2024).
Kết hợp chuyên gia (MoE): Chỉ kích hoạt một phần mô hình cho mỗi truy vấn, giảm năng lượng tiêu thụ. Ví dụ, mô hình Mixtral-8x7B sử dụng MoE đạt hiệu suất tương đương GPT-3 nhưng tiêu thụ năng lượng thấp hơn 25% Theo Marmelab (Zaninotto, 03/2025)
Ví dụ: DeepSeek v3 (671 tỷ tham số) của Reka AI được đào tạo với chi phí 5,5 triệu USD, thấp hơn nhiều so với 100 triệu USD của GPT-4 (ước tính 1,8 nghìn tỷ tham số), nhờ sử dụng các kỹ thuật tối ưu hóa như chưng cất và MoE – Marmelab (Zaninotto, 03/2025). Điều này cho thấy các mô hình nhỏ hơn có thể đạt hiệu quả năng lượng cao hơn đáng kể.
2. Phần Cứng: GPU Hiệu Suất Cao
Cải tiến phần cứng, đặc biệt là GPU, tăng hiệu suất trên mỗi watt, giảm AI tiêu thụ điện năng cho cả đào tạo và suy luận:
Tiết kiệm năng lượng hàng năm: GPU mới, như dòng Nvidia Blackwell, tiết kiệm 40% năng lượng mỗi năm so với thế hệ trước. Theo IEA (2024), hiệu suất GPU đã cải thiện 20 lần từ năm 2010 đến 2024, giảm năng lượng cần thiết cho mỗi phép tính AI.
Hiệu quả đào tạo: Đào tạo GPT-3 cần 1.287 GWh, nhưng với phần cứng hiện đại như Nvidia H200, chi phí năng lượng có thể giảm 30–50% cho các mô hình tương tự (McKinsey, 2024).
Hiệu quả suy luận: Các chip như Nvidia Blackwell cung cấp hiệu suất suy luận cao hơn 2,5 lần so với H100, giảm năng lượng tiêu thụ trên mỗi truy vấn xuống 0,5–1 Wh cho các mô hình tối ưu (Nvidia, 2025).
IV. Lợi Ích Môi Trường Tiềm Năng Của AI
AI không chỉ tiêu thụ năng lượng mà còn có tiềm năng giảm khí thải CO2 khi được áp dụng đúng cách, thay thế các quy trình tốn năng lượng hơn hoặc tối ưu hóa các hệ thống hiện có.
1. Tối ưu hóa năng lượng trong trung tâm dữ liệu:
Google sử dụng mạng nơ-ron của DeepMind để tối ưu hóa hệ thống làm mát, giảm 40% năng lượng làm mát và 15% tổng hiệu quả sử dụng điện năng (PUE) của trung tâm dữ liệu (Zaninotto, 2025).
Theo IEA (2024), việc áp dụng AI để quản lý năng lượng trong trung tâm dữ liệu có thể tiết kiệm 10–20% tổng tiêu thụ điện toàn cầu của các trung tâm này vào năm 2030.
2. Thay thế công việc con người:
AI soạn thảo hợp đồng pháp lý trong 15 phút, tiêu thụ năng lượng tương đương một bóng đèn 10W trong 1,8 phút (Zaninotto, 2025), so với 4 ngày làm việc của luật sư, tiết kiệm 90–95% năng lượng liên quan đến không gian làm việc, thiết bị và đi lại (Nature, 2024).
Một nghiên cứu của Nature (2024) cho thấy AI giảm 50–70% lượng khí thải CO2 khi thực hiện các tác vụ văn bản và minh họa so với con người.
3. Ứng dụng tiết kiệm năng lượng khác:
Dự báo năng lượng tái tạo: AI giúp dự báo sản lượng năng lượng mặt trời ở California, giảm 18% lượng năng lượng mặt trời bị lãng phí nhờ tối ưu hóa lưu trữ pin (Zaninotto, 2025).
Bảo trì dự đoán: AI trong công nghiệp giảm 8–12% chi phí bảo trì bằng cách dự đoán hỏng hóc, tiết kiệm năng lượng liên quan đến sửa chữa khẩn cấp (Zaninotto, 2025).
Tối ưu hóa băng thông: Netflix sử dụng AI để mã hóa video, tiết kiệm 20% băng thông mà không làm giảm chất lượng, giảm năng lượng tiêu thụ cho truyền tải dữ liệu (Zaninotto, 2025).
Tác động dài hạn: Theo McKinsey (2024), việc áp dụng AI trong các ngành như năng lượng, giao thông và sản xuất có thể giảm 10–15% khí thải CO2 toàn cầu vào năm 2030 nếu được triển khai rộng rãi, vượt xa lượng khí thải từ chính AI (ước tính 4–5% tổng khí thải từ CNTT, Zaninotto, 2025).
V. kết luận
Việc AI tiêu thụ điện năng và phát thải CO2 đang đặt ra thách thức lớn về năng lượng và môi trường. Nhưng những tiến bộ về phần mềm và phần cứng đang giảm chi phí môi trường. AI có thể mang lại lợi ích ròng nếu thay thế các quy trình tốn năng lượng hơn (như tìm kiếm Google hoặc công việc con người).
Tuy nhiên, để giải quyết thách thức AI tiêu thụ điện năng, cần:
Đẩy mạnh Sử dụng năng lượng tái tạo và đầu tư chi phí vào việc phát triển hệ thống cung cấp và truyền tải điện năng
Ưu tiên phát triển và khuyến khích sử dụng các mô hình AI nhỏ, hiệu quả (Ví dụ như Llama-3-70B) cho các tác vụ đơn giản, phù hợp.
Thực hiện đánh giá vòng đời để đảm bảo AI mang lại lợi ích ròng về môi trường.
Quan trọng nhất chính Người dùng nên sử dụng AI có trách nhiệm, ưu tiên ứng dụng AI vào các tác vụ mang lại hiệu quả cao, đồng thời giảm tác động môi trường từ các lĩnh vực khác như ăn uống và đi lại.
He didn t want to take such a risk. But now, Lin Xuan forced him to do such a thing, how could he not be angry.The flaming spear in his hand turned into a fiery red dragon at this moment, roaring towards the sky.
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It can be said that with Lin Xuan s current strength, he can only use it two or three times, and it will be impossible to do more.So all of a sudden, these little crocodiles couldn t break open at all.
Brother Xuan Murong Qingcheng was even more nervous, because with such a terrifying attack, it would be extremely difficult for the Son of Heaven to encounter it.I don t know how this kid did it, but I know, we found the treasure and let the eighth prince tell him to come over.
However, Lin Xuan just sneered, and the light in his eyes flashed again.To be honest, they were really blinded and didn t know what was going on.
Lin Xuan took it with a smile, and then lightly scratched Murong Qingcheng s nose.Peng Peng Peng s earth type power was directly sent flying, vomited blood, and was seriously injured.
On the other side of the eight princes, everyone was also stunned.From today onwards, you are Jinjianfeng s people. You are also from Liuli Palace.
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Indeed, in his opinion, it shouldn t be difficult for such a team to crush the opponent.The equipment inside is complete, as long as energy is provided, it can completely seal the ancient sword of heaven.
The entire sky is full of endless sword lights. In the sky, Seven Stars was under great threat.I ll go when I finish the last thing. Hearing this, the eighth prince was taken aback for a moment, and then he understood.
On the other side, Lin Xuan also sneered, and rushed out of the dragon sword domain, forming a real dragon to contend against the surroundings.She is not fighting back now, nor is she not fighting back.
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Someone Yan gave it to me, what s going on, please tell me, look how mysterious you are.What about the hinterland The six demon sects have been attacking Falun Temple together for many years.
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I have never heard of the stone armor tree. It seems that unless I find something in this burial world, I guess I will have to wait until I ascend to the upper world.Your Highness, the ancestor promised, it seems that the concubine Xian will be fine Lin Haoming muttered to them Without going again, he directly drove the flying boat towards Daliang Kingdom.
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It s normal if you don t know. After all, you are a foreign monk.At the same time that the flying sword appeared, several crackling arcs sounded, and with a single finger, the flying sword erupted with an astonishing thunder and lightning power, directly turning into a grid to wrap itself up.
If he really walks with me, I feel that his cultivation base has become more solidified.Yan Bucheng s face was also livid at this time, and he brought so many masters to come, but he didn t expect that a hall master fell instead of being caught.
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Daoist friends can figure out how much the probability of advancement is.I think it s better to follow the order, and Fellow Daoist Lu is obsessed with swordsmanship.
In fact, Lin Haoming also understands this kind of monk, knowing that there is no hope of cultivating immortals, he just wants to enjoy the rest of his life.
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er, shot down. In the distance, Qiao Xueying s eyes were full of splendor, thinking that Azu is much stronger than before, hmph, he even kept it from me, and I will definitely bite him hard in private When she saw Yu Yanluo looking at Zaan with a proud look on her face, she couldn t help feeling a little sour in her Finding 71 Cannabis Guide Exehy Gummies With Relief Sleep Comprehensive A heart.
Especially if the two Qin family and the army are unable to return from the front line for a short time, the power in King Qi s army will be cut by half.His breath was a little weak, like an old man in his dying years.
Now his personal experience in various worlds tells him that gold and silver are hard currencies.Pei Mianman pressed her lips tightly, she couldn t explain the origin of Fu Hao Ou Zun, and who knew if she took it to them for inspection, would she be crowned as Confiscation of the name of the evil heretic What s more, this is the testimony of her husband and wife Calcium Guide For A The Of Adults 760 Importance Bone Health To Gummies Supporting Vjkic Comprehensive who have been together with Zu an in the Yin Ruins for decades, how can she let others get involved Seeing her silence, Guan Chouhai sneered even more Are you guilty if you don t speak The disciples around all looked strange, and the male disciples thought that they would grow up to be like Miss Pei, and they would be innocent at first glance.
Eunuch Lu s face became even darker It seems that Master Zu has completely forgotten to agree to your empress.Can clearly feel his heartbeat, can feel the heat exhaled by the other party.
No. Yu Yanluo shook her head. Then why can I feel Nuwa s breath on your body The snake cultivator tilted his head, and that moment was kind of
cute. Yu Yanluo hesitated for a moment, and replied Maybe it s because I m a snake clan and I have the Holy Spirit Orb on my body.Everyone came back to their senses, what happened. The audience was silent, and many people wondered if there was something wrong with the way they opened the world today The majestic Lion King, Shi Zhentian, the well known master of the entire demon clan, was Optimal Gummies Effects Thc Balancing Cbd In 2130 For And killed No one would be surprised if they were defeated by the demon king or the human emperor in seconds similarly, they would also be able to figure it out if they were defeated by monster giants such as Peacock Ming King, Great Elf King, Dragon King, and Demon King What happened, did he lose to a young junior, or was he killed in one move without leaving his body behind At this time, Zu an put down the sun shooting bow in his hand, looked at Shi Zhentian s body and sighed lightly I just said that you will die as soon as I shoot, why bother.
Zu an also gradually regained his clarity, thinking of his recklessness just now, he felt a little apologetic, and was about to comfort and apologize, when his face suddenly changed I feel that my realm seems to be able to improve.Zaan s face was calm, looking towards the valley to the southwest, thinking that this is all I can do, I hope the rebels over there will find their own blessings.
These guys are obviously fierce beasts, and they don t seem to be low in strength.
When Thomas arrived, he found that the Huaxia soldiers were already training, and the Huaxia Battalion Commander was squatting on the ground while drawing tactical diagrams with branches and talking.Want to hit it first But they didn t ask too much, because they believed in Wang Xuexin s judgment and because the military situation was urgent, they only answered yes and rushed up with the bazooka.
In addition, the chief of staff at this time was not the hump route used for a drop in the bucket , so he thought it 96636 Gummies Mind Body Review Cbd Winged Soul For Experience Relaxation A And Soaring was completely blocked.But as soon as the devil retreated
Chu Yunfei lost his target again. What is even more troublesome is that these people are all wearing the uniforms of the Jin army.
End of this chapter There are ten minutes left before the battle, and the tanks are hiding in the bunkers one after another.The devil thought it was safe, but just as the blaster was about to charge forward, who would have thought that a few more vehicles would turn out, and then a rain of bullets
After only a short while, the devil realized A Stores Shopping And 981 Gummies Comprehensive Within To Online Finding Klpsr Local The Cbd Best Guide Mi that it was too late, and the enemy tanks had already charged.
Afterwards, the reinforcements of the devils did enter the city, but it was meaningless to enter the city, because the sky was gradually brightening at this time, and the combat effectiveness of the tanks had been improved.Surrounded by small and weak countries, there is basically no need to worry about land warfare.
Why should they sacrifice themselves to save others Therefore, the street battle in Yuncheng was devastating to the tanks of the Eighth Route Army.By the way, it crushed the devils in the rear compartment who hadn t reacted yet into a pile of blood and flesh.
But of course, Full Review The Skrft Of Best Comprehensive Oil 46 Spectrum Cbd Products A Analysis it is not suitable for Wang Xuexin to discuss this issue with Sun Erwei, because no matter what Wang Xuexin says, it will be considered as an ulterior motive to drag Yingjiang into the water.The principal of the logistics department is very suitable for this matter.
Unexpectedly, the wind and water will turn
This kind of tank, which was invincible not long ago, is not worth mentioning under the tracks of the T34.Otherwise, Sun Ming would not have made any deal. I ve thought about it for a long time.
When the fighter planes of the enemy and us are flying towards each other, turn to the side.We can build another line of defense outside the city Besides, it is not safe to build a line of defense, and the Eighth Route Army guerrillas can still concentrate their forces to break through or carry out sneak attacks Harmony Gummies And Mg Safety Cbd 6141 Herbal Benefits Reviews from one point.
Battalion Commander Chen Songyong, who had been guarding the radio station, reported The devil s tanks are coming up.The most typical one is Gaul. They built a famous Maginot Line of Defense.
It s okay if it s an armor piercing bomb for tanks or a grenade for infantry.It turned out that Li Yunlong was hiding from someone else, but from the brigade commander.
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Just when Taro Nagatake was drowsy in the shaking of the car, a messenger driver caught up with the car and shouted out the window Your Excellency, Your And Cbd 030 Effectiveness Cons Activegenix Pros Gummies Excellency
Taro Nagatake rolled down the window, Of Comprehensive Analysis Cbd Review Wildflower 8859 A Cbd The messenger reported Your Majesty, the 7th Chariot Regiment has sent an urgent message.end of this chapter Of course, the chief said that the rocket artillery unit will be transferred to reinforce the Jinsui Army is not just talk.
According to the military rank and the discipline of the army, it is indeed wrong to be disrespectful to the superior.But I didn t expect
The rockets of the Eighth Route Army immediately taught them how to behave as human beings, to be precise, how to behave as ghosts.
How to tell them that this can instantly raise the combat effectiveness of our armored forces to a higher level End of this chapter The news quickly reached Mao Xiong, Mao Xiong immediately accepted this suggestion, and they didn t even hold a meeting Discuss the feasibility.If the supply line is Effects Vibe Comprehensive Cbd Blue Review The Gummies 01755 Benefits Cunaa And Of A cut off, it will be useless for the Jinsui Army to have more artillery in Yuncheng
Without shells, the artillery is just a pile of scrap iron.
